Figures 15 to 26 show the final images obtained for the galaxies observed with the VLA. The parameters derived from these images are listed in Table 5. This table presents the radio fluxes and the fractional polarisation at 6 cm for the whole sources and their sub-regions indicated in Col. 2. In the following section we describe in more details the results for the single objects.
003944: this is a relatively small radio source with
the emission dominated by the two lobes. No core or jets have been detected.
Both lobes are polarised with the eastern one showing an higher fractional
polarisation compared to the western side. The eastern lobe is slightly
depolarised while the western side is consistent with no depolarization.
In the optical, this galaxy has a high ionization emission line spectrum with a strong blue, polarized continuum. No extended emission lines have been observed in this object.
004342: this is a very extended source with a typical FRII morphology.
It was previously mapped by Duncan & Sproats (1992) and, at lower resolution
(843 MHz with the Molonglo Synthesis Telescope, MOST), by Jones & McAdam
(1992).
Unfortunately, at 3-cm most of the extended emission is resolved out at the
resolution of our data. Thus, only the hot-spots could be imaged at this
frequency and they are shown in the inserts of Fig. 3. At 6 cm no radio core
has been detected. The polarisation is very uniform in the
In the optical it shows only weak, low-ionization emission lines and its continuum appears to be typical of early-type galaxies. Thus, this is an example of FRII (and powerful) radio galaxies with significantly weaker emission lines that expected from the radio power-emission line luminosity correlation.
040975: this FRII is the highest red-shift object in the sample
and one of the most powerful source in the southern hemisphere (Alvarez et
al. 1993). It was previously mapped by Duncan & Sproats (1992).
It is quite a small radio source with the radio emission dominated by two bright lobes. Both lobes have an high depolarization, slightly higher in the eastern lobe. Also the rotation measure is large especially in the eastern lobe.
Interestingly, the ionization state is low for such a powerful radio
galaxy: [O III] 5007 is barely detected while [O II]
3727 is strong. However
the continuum is bluer than an elliptical galaxy at the same red-shift
(Dickson 1997). According to Tadhunter
et al. (1993) the [O II]
3727 line is extended
but this does not seem to be the case in [O III]
5007.
062553: This is a FRI galaxy associated with a dumbbell galaxy (Lilly
& Prestage 1987; Gregorini et al. 1994) that is also the brightest member of
the cluster Abell 3391. At the resolution of our observations, it shows a
wide-angle tail (WAT) structure with two tails sharply bending at about 20
arcsec north and 40 arcsec south of the nucleus. This morphology is also
confirmed by the 13-cm ATCA image presented by Otani et al. (1998). From an
X-ray/radio comparison, these authors found evidence for a possibly strong
interaction between the radio jets and the surrounding material. The jets are
deflected possibly as the result of pressure gradients or winds in the
intracluster medium and they seem to "escape'' into regions of lower X-ray
brightness. This galaxy has also been observed at lower resolution by
Gregorini et al. (1994). In their image, the northern tail is even more
prominent and a low-brightness diffuse region is also observed as a western
extension (for
arcsec) to the southern lobe.
The two lobes show a similar fractional polarisation at both 6 and 3 cm and
they both show no significant depolarisation. The RM is quite uniform in
the southern lobe but a large range of RM values is observed in the northern
lobe (see Fig. 8) with the central region around
rad m-2,
while the northern tail is showing values of
rad m-2. There
is the possibility that the values are continuous at the step and the reason
for the "apparent'' jump is the
ambiguity in the position angle: only a
study of the polarisation at other frequencies will be able to confirm this
jump in RM. However, it may be worth noticing that, by looking at Fig. 7 in
Otani et al. (1998) (i.e. the radio/X-ray overlay), the jump in RM occurs
in the region where the radio emission seems to "escape'' the brighter X-ray
emission.
193815: this is another small source dominated by the radio emission
from two lobes. No core or jets have been detected. It shows quite a strong
asymmetry in the depolarization: the eastern lobe has the lower fractional
polarisation and the stronger depolarization.
This galaxy has a high ionization emission line spectrum. From the new
optical spectra (Dickson 1997) this galaxy is now classified as a Broad Line
Radio Galaxy (BLRG) because it shows a prominent broad component in the
MgII2800 Å and H
.
As with many other BLRG, it is detected
in X-ray by ROSAT (Siebert et al. 1996).
195455: this is an FRI source comprising two jet-like structures.
When observed at low frequency and low resolution (Jones & Mc Adams 1992),
this object is embedded in an elongated and bent low-brightness halo extended
more than 5 arcmin. The integrated spectral index we find is much steeper
than from the single-dish observations (see Table 1) and this is probably due
to resolved emission in the 3 cm image.
Neither jet shows evidence for significant depolarization. The rotation
measure is quite uniform in the southern lobe (
rad m-2). In
the northern lobe, most of the lobe shows a value of around 18 rad m-2except in a region (south-west) where the values are around
rad
m-2.
205828: the morphology of this FRI source is better defined than in the
previously available radio image. A strong jet is also now observed. The
difference with the previous radio image is likely due to the short
integration of the previous observations. Unfortunately, this galaxy
could not be imaged properly at 3-cm and therefore we do not show the 3 cm
data here. A low resolution radio image was obtained by
Christiansen et al. (1977)
and shows that the source is embedded in a low brightness halo, extended more
than 8 arcmin, which is not visible in our image.
Two diffuse lobes without hot-spots are observed. The polarisation in these lobes has a ring-like shape and the position angle of the electric field is radial in both the lobes.
2058-28 has a core flux density higher than in the previous VLA 6 cm data. The detected difference is likely to be due to the old value of the radio core being unreliable, for the reasons mentioned above, more than variability in the core flux. Furthermore, the new core flux density is consistent with the PTI data derived at 13 cm (Morganti et al. 1997a).
In the optical it shows only weak, low-ionization emission lines and its continuum appears to be typical of early-type galaxies.
Object |
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DP
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RM | |
Jy | Jy | % | % | rad m-2 | ||||
0039-44 | Total | 1.169 | 0.606 | 7.5 | 6.7 | ... | 1.20 | ... |
E lobe | 0.678 | 0.344 | 8.0 | 10.2 | 0.79 | 1.24 | -27 | |
W lobe | 0.486 | 0.261 | 3.7 | 2.7 | 1.35 | 1.14 | -32 | |
0043-42* | Total | 2.776 | ... | 30.3 | ... | ... | ... | ... |
HS North | 1.182 | ... | 20.1 | ... | ... | ... | ... | |
Ext. North | 0.507 | ... | 37.1 | ... | ... | ... | ... | |
HS South | 0.397 | ... | 20.0 | ... | ... | ... | ... | |
Ext. South | 0.550 | ... | 28.9 | ... | ... | ... | ... | |
0409-75 | Total | 4.508 | 2.315 | 2.5 | 6.6 | ... | 1.22 | ... |
E lobe | 2.671 | 1.459 | 1.1 | 3.4 | 0.30 | 1.10 | +522 | |
W lobe | 1.843 | 0.895 | 4.5 | 9.3 | 0.46 | 1.32 | +235 | |
0625-53 | Totale | 1.543 | 0.787 | 15.7 | 15.1 | 0.96 | 1.23 | +150 |
Core | 0.025 | 0.019 | ... | ... | ... | 0.47 | ... | |
N Lobe | 0.747 | 0.383 | 12.1 | 14.8 | 0.91 | 1.22 | +43a | |
S Lobe | 0.691 | 0.351 | 12.6 | 12.3 | 1.02 | 1.24 | +293 | |
1938-15 | Total | 2.377 | 1.263 | 6.3 | 8.8 | ... | 1.16 | ... |
E lobe | 1.370 | 0.721 | 2.1 | 3.8 | 0.53 | 1.17 | -105 | |
W lobe | 1.032 | 0.549 | 11.6 | 13.7 | 0.98 | 1.15 | -79 | |
1954-55 | Total | 1.630 | 0.559 | 32.7 | 34.0 | ... | 1.95 | +33 |
Core | 0.055 | 0.052 | ... | ... | ... | 0.10 | ... | |
N lobe | 1.340 | 0.351 | 39.1 | 39.8 | 0.98 | 2.45 | 0a | |
S lobe | 0.608 | 0.165 | 26.5 | 23.2 | 1.06 | 2.38 | 126 | |
2058-28* | Total | 1.216 | ... | 28.0 | ... | ... | ... | ... |
Core | 0.123 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | |
S lobe | 0.591 | ... | 25.3 | ... | ... | ... | ... | |
S jet | 0.069 | ... | 13.4 | ... | ... | ... | ... | |
N lobe | 0.440 | ... | 33.4 | ... | ... | ... | ... | |
* Values derived from the lower resolution map (3 km maximum baseline).
a See notes to the sources (Sect. 3.1).
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Figure 15:
Image of 0034-01 at 6-cm (VLA data).
The contour levels are:
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003401 (3C 15): this source is now resolved into a prominent one-sided
jet, while only some structure is detected in the two lobes (due to the
relatively high resolution). The southern lobe is the brighter one but only
shows a "warmer'' spot (as perhaps expected looking at the low resolution image
in Morganti et al. 1993). This galaxy has been observed at 3.6 cm by Leahy
et al. (1997) who define its structure as intermediate between FR classes I
and II of FR, although its radio luminosity is typical of class II galaxies
(indeed it was classified as FRII in Morganti et al. 1993). Knots are
detected along the jet as in the 3.6 cm images.
The core flux density measured in the new image is much lower than from the 6 cm VLA data: this is probably due to the fact that low resolution of the previous observations (about 3 arcsec) included the base of the strong jet in what was defined as the core.
The electric field in the jet is perpendicular to the jet axis in the first blob (closer to the nucleus) and then become parallel to the jet, although a different position angle seems to be characteristics of the regions at the edge. This is likely due to effect of shear layer as often found in jets in FRI and described in detailed by Laing et al. (1996).
In the optical only a weak [O III] 5007 emission has been detected from
this source (Tadhunter et al.
1993), and the continuum is typical of early-type galaxies.
003502 (3C 17): this radio galaxy presented a very peculiar radio
morphology in our previous low resolution radio image (Morganti et al. 1993).
The new high resolution image clarifys the real structure of this source. On
the south-east side of the nucleus a very bent jet is observed. The first
part of the jet is dominated by a bright blob. On the western side a lobe
structure is observed with a ring-like shape, i.e. because of the minimum in
intensity in the centre. Also this could be a very bent jet seen in a
particular position angle. A VLBA map (Venturi et al. 1996) shows as on the
milliarcsec scale a one-sided jet is observed in the eastern side and in the
same position angle as the bright blob observed in our VLA map.
In this galaxy, the H
emission line has a strong broad component
(Dickson 1997) and the [O II]
3727 and [O III]
5007 emission lines are extended.
There is also evidence for significant optical polarization
in the nucleus of the galaxy (Tadhunter et al. 1997).
This object has been detected in
X-rays (Siebert et al. 1996), as have most of the BLRG in our sample.
Given the optical polarization properties (Tadhunter et al. 1997) this object may be a BL Lac-type in which the jet is pointing close to the line of sight (thus accentuating any wiggles in the jet). It also looks very similar to the southern BLRG/quasar PKS 2300-18 which has been interpreted in terms of precession.
011715 (3C 38): is a double lobed radio galaxy with a typical FRII
structure. No core has been detected. Both lobes have clear hot spots and
the southern lobe shows a clear bend in a direction almost perpendicular to
the line connecting the two lobes. Similar structure detected, e.g., in 3C 326
(Ekers et al. 1978) has been explained as result of a precessing beam. An
alternative explanation has been suggested from a systematic study of bridges
in double radio sources by Leahy & Williams (1984). The sharp distortion
often observed in these sources can be expected as consequence of the
interaction between the strong back-flow and the galactic atmosphere if the
jet is much lighter than the confining medium.
In the optical, this galaxy has a high ionization spectrum with both the continuum and the line emission extended in the north-east direction. The continuum shows a strong UV/blue excess (Dickson 1997) and substantial optical polarisation (Tadhunter et al. 1997). The radio lobe on the same side as the extended emission lines is closer to the nucleus and has the lower fractional polarisation. This may indicate a higher depolarization but confirmation will require observations at different frequencies.
044228: the new radio observations for this FRII radio galaxy shows a
complex morphology for its radio lobes. A core has been detected but no radio
jets.
This object has strong, narrow emission lines (Tadhunter et al. 1993). It is also detected in X-rays (Siebert et al. 1996), where it appears to be extended, even though this source is not known to be associated with a cluster.
045320: from the new radio image this source appears as double lobed
with a clear jet in the north-west direction ending with an hot spot. In the
southern part no jet has been detected and a "warm-spot'' is visible at the
edge of the lobe. The electric field is parallel to the direction of the jet
and becomes radial at the edge of the lobe.
From Tadhunter et al. (1993) no optical lines are detected in this galaxy and the continuum appears typical of early-type galaxies.
1602+01 (3C 327.1): this source is dominated by a one sided knotty jet on the south-east side. This galaxy was also observed by Baum et al. (1988) with the B array at 6 cm, and by Hes (1995) at 8.4 GHz.
In the radio, 1602+01 shows clear morphological similarities with 0035-02.
Similarities are also present in the optical spectrum of these objects. In
fact, in the optical 1602+01 has a high ionization emission line spectrum
showing (as 0035-02) a broad component of the H
emission (Dickson
1997). The [O II]
3727 and [O III]
5007 may be slightly extended. As with most of the BLRG,
this galaxy has been detected in X-ray emission.
193815: this object has been also observed with the ATCA and described
above. From the higher resolution of the VLA map (Fig. 9) it is possible to
see that the western lobe is actually extended while the eastern one is only
slightly resolved. Also at the higher resolution the east lobe shows a low
polarisation (as in the lower resolution ATCA image). The west lobe (now
better resolved) shows a higher fractional polarisation in the VLA image
(
%), indicating possible depolarization due to the beam at the
resolution of ATCA.
2314+03 (3C 459): this is another small source of this sample also studied before by Ulvestad (1985). It is dominated by a strong core and two lobes. The eastern lobe is quite compact and much closer to the nucleus compared to the western one. A strong asymmetry in the polarisation can be seen between the two lobes with the eastern one much less polarised (only 2%) than the western one consistent with what was found by Ulvestad (1985). Also in this object, as in 0034-01, the new core flux density is lower than in the previous VLA data (Morganti et al. 1993). Again, the difference is likely due to the difference in resolution. In the optical this galaxy has a moderate ionization emission line spectrum and the continuum is dominated by young stars.
Object | S
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||
Jy | % | |||
0034-01 | core | 0.032 | ... | |
jet | 0.292 | 25.0 | ||
N lobe | 0.049 | ... | ||
S lobe | 0.109 | 53.2 | ||
0035-02 | Total | 1.279 | 33.4 | |
core | 0.530 | ... | ||
E jet | 0.475 | 30.0 | ||
W lobe | 0.275 | 40.3 | ||
0117-15 | Total | 1.336 | 25.2 | |
N-E lobe | 0.985 | 15.4 | ||
S-W lobe | 0.347 | 35.2 | ||
0442-28 | core | 0.039 | ... | |
N lobe | 0.573 | 25.6 | ||
S lobe | 0.386 | 37.8 | ||
0453-20 | Total | 0.952 | 47.4 | |
core | 0.034 | ... | ||
N lobe | 0.546 | 47.1 | ||
S lobe | 0.323 | 48.4 | ||
1602+01 | Total | 0.945 | ... | |
core | 0.080 | ... | ||
E lobe | 0.423 | 21.6 | ||
W lobe | 0.441 | 16.7 | ||
1938-15 | Total | 2.947 | 11.4 | |
E lobe | 1.729 | 2.8 | ||
W hot-spot | 1.094 | 9.2 | ||
W lobe | 1.269 | 28.5 | ||
2314+03 | Total | 1.294 | 14.4 | |
core | 0.425 | 2.0 | ||
E lobe | 0.608 | 2.0 | ||
W lobe | 0.260 | 19.2 |
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