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2. Input physics

The calculations are performed with the Geneva stellar evolutionary code, whose physical ingredients have been extensively described in the previous papers (see for example Papers I and IV). In accordance with those previous calculations, we apply a moderate overshooting for tex2html_wrap_inline1105 tex2html_wrap_inline1099 of tex2html_wrap_inline1109 at the border of the convective core as defined by the Schwarzschild criterion, where d is the overshooting distance and tex2html_wrap_inline1113 the local pressure scale height.

The following improvements/modifications have been performed with respect to the previous grids in order to match the requirements for Z=0.1:

- The initial helium content is taken as Y=0.48. This follows from a cosmological helium abundance of Y|Z=0=0.24 (Audouze 1987) and a relative conservative value of the ratio of helium to metal enrichment equal to tex2html_wrap_inline1121. Other elemental abundances are taken from the solar distribution scaled to the metallicity.

- The radiative opacities for the interior are taken from Iglesias & Rogers (1996), while the low-temperature opacities are taken from Alexander & Ferguson (1994). The latter account for a wide variety of atomic and molecular species.

- At Z=0.10, the criterion defining a star to be of the Wolf-Rayet type could be different from that at lower metallicities. However, in the absence of any observational counterpart of those objects at such high metallicities, we keep the same criterion as in Paper I, i.e. we consider that a star enters the WR stage when its surface hydrogen mass fraction becomes lower than 0.4 and its effective temperature is higher than 10000 K. The mass loss rates of these objects are then accordingly taken as in Paper I.

- The prescription for the mass loss rates at these high metallicities is quite uncertain. For consistency with previous calculations performed at lower Z, we keep the same prescription as in Paper I, with, for all the non WR phases, a tex2html_wrap_inline1127 metallicity dependence as indicated by stellar wind modelsgif (cf. Kudritzki et al. 1989), according to which tex2html_wrap_inline1131. Given the large main sequence (MS) mass loss and especially the low initial hydrogen content, very massive stars enter the WR phase rapidly during core hydrogen burning. Following the WR mass loss prescription, this leads to the ejection of almost the totality of the initial mass during the MS for M> tex2html_wrap_inline1053. These stars would probably end as white dwarfs. Because of our total ignorance of the dependence of the mass loss rate on stellar characteristics in such conditions, we do not present evolutionary tracks for these stars.


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