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Up: Starspot photometry with robotic 1996/97


1 Introduction

Photometric monitoring of late-type stars has proven to be a powerful tool to discover cool starspots and to measure precise stellar rotation periods with, in some favorable cases, even differential rotation on the stellar surface (Hall [1972], [1994]). The way the light and colors of a spotted star vary with time traces the evolution of its starspots. Time-series light and color curves can then be used to determine the approximate distribution of spots on the stellar surface, their temperature contrast, and even their appearance and disappearance marking the beginning and ending of a spot cycle similar to the Sun's 11-year cycle. In the past decade several studies were presented that attempted to model long-term light-curve variations with an evolving spot distribution on the basis of one stellar rotation to the next. Much literature could be cited here but instead let us selflessly draw your attention to our own series of papers on "Time-series photometric spot modeling'' and the many references therein. Paper I on the RS CVn binary VY Ari (Strassmeier & Bopp [1992]) included a description of the modeling technique and were followed by Strassmeier et al. ([1994a]) on 15 years of photometry of HR 7275, Olàh et al. ([1997]) on 30 years of HK Lac and Olàh et al. ([1999]) on 10 years of V833 Tau. A particularly important spot parameter extractable from these data is the spot's lifetime and one result, still lively debatted, is that there is no linear decay law for starspots as there is for sunspots, i.e. the larger a sunspot the longer it lives ( ${\rm d}A/{\rm d}t$ = const; A being the spot area). Various physically similar stars in terms of rotation period and spectral type can host spots or spot groups with a wide range of lifetimes. For a set of four spotted RS CVn stars, Henry et al. ([1995a]) observed individual spot lifetimes between 0.5 years and over 6 years. The same range of lifetimes was found for the stars in our previous papers mentioned above. Maybe not surprising, the spotted star with the longest photoelectric history (RS CVn with 45 years of broad-band data) also shows the longest time scale: a cyclic change of the total spotted area with a period of 20 years (Rodonó et al. [1995]). All these phenomena are suggestive of a significantly non-solar magnetic field topology and a dynamo process that might operate on many different timescales.

Clearly, continuous photometric monitoring for a long period in time is needed for conclusive analyses and automatic photoelectric telescopes (APTs) are ideally suited for such a task. In this paper, we present multicolor data from our two 0.75-m University of Vienna twin APTs (Strassmeier et al. [1997b]) and the 0.25-m Phoenix-10 APT (Boyd et al. [1984]) for 1996/97. Altogether, 47 program stars were observed in either by, UBV, or $V(RI)_{\rm C}$. Some special cases were targeted in all of these bandpasses but with varying time and phase coverage on the individual telescopes. Others had been observed only briefly and their aim was mostly to support spectroscopic observations for Doppler imaging with large telescopes (see, e.g., Rice & Strassmeier [1998]). Table 1 presents a summary of the program stars and their commonly known stellar parameters. A period analysis for all stars from each individual telescope gives a homogeneous set of stellar rotation periods and the associated rotational light variations.


   
Table 1: Program stars

Star
V Spectral type Binary? $P_{\rm orb}$ $P_{\rm phtm}$ $v\sin i$ Radius Variable type
  (mag)   (SB/S) (days) (days) (kms-1) ($R_\odot$)  

HR 5B (V640 Cas)
6.6 G8V SB1 39.5 n.det. 4.7 ... solar-type SB
SAO 91772 (LN Peg) 8.6 G8V SB2 1.844 1.851 23 $\geq$0.84 RS CVn
HD 4502 ($\zeta $ And) 4.1 K1IIIa SB1 17.769 17.637 41 $\geq$14.3 RS CVn + ell.
HD 12545 (XX Tri) 8.1 K0III SB1 23.98 23.87 18.2 $\geq$8.6 RS CVn
HD 17433 (VY Ari) 6.8 K3-4IV SB1 13.198 16.23 10 $\geq$3.2 RS CVn
HD 22468 (V711 Tau) 5.7 K1IV SB2 2.8377 2.837 40 3.9 RS CVn
HD 26337 (EI Eri) 7.0 G5IV SB1 1.947 1.913 50 $\geq$1.9 RS CVn
HD 283518 (V410 Tau) 11.2 K4 S ... 1.872 77 3.0 WTTS
HR 1362 (EK Eri) 6.3 G8III-IV S ... (306.9) 1.5 9 single giant
HD 283571 (RY Tau) 10 F8V S ... n.det. 49 ... CTTS
HD 283572 (V987 Tau) 9.3 G5 S ... 1.529 78 $\geq$2.3 WTTS
HD 283750 (V833 Tau) 8.2 K5V SB1 1.788 1.806 6.3 $\geq$0.22 BY Dra
HD 282624 (SU Aur) 8.9 G2 S ... n.det. 66 $\geq$3.9 CTTS
HD 31964 ($\epsilon $ Aur) 3.0 F0Ia ECL 27yr n.det. ... ... puls. supergiant
HD 31993 (V1192 Ori) 7.5 K2III S ... 26.7 33 $\geq$17.4 single giant
HD 33798 (V390 Aur) 7.0 G8III S ... 9.69 33 $\geq$6.3 single giant
HD 291095 (V1355 Ori) 8.7 K1IV SB1 ? 3.87 46 $\geq$3.5 RS CVn-type
HD 43989 (V1358 Ori) 8.5 G0IV S ... (3.2:) 42 $\geq$3.2 RS CVn-type
HD 51066 (CM Cam) 7.2 G8III SB1 3770. 16.0 47 17.4 eff. single giant
HD 62044 ($\sigma $ Gem) 4.3 K1III SB1 19.604 19.615 27 12 RS CVn
HD 81410 (IL Hya) 7.5 K1III SB2 12.905 12.674 26.5 8.1 RS CVn
HD 82443 (DX Leo) 7.0 K0V S ... 5.432 5 $\geq$0.54 BY Dra
HD 82558 (LQ Hya) 7.8 K2V S ... 1.60 28 0.94 BY Dra
HD 98230 ($\xi $ UMa B) 3.8 G5V SB1 3.980 n.det. 2.8 ... solar-type SB
HD 106225 (HU Vir) 8.6 K0III-IV SB1 10.39 10.66 27 $\geq$5.7 RS CVn
HD 111395 (HR 4864) 6.3 G5V S ... 15.80 2.9 $\geq$0.90 solar type
HD 111812 (31 Com) 4.9 G0III S ... 6.96: 57 $\geq$7.8: single giant
HD 112313 (IN Com) 8.0 G5III-IV SB1 ? 5.90 67 $\geq$7.8 RS CVn
HD 112989 (37 Com) 4.9 G9III S ... n.det. 4 ... single giant
HD 117555 (FK Com) 8.1 G2III S ... 2.4067 160 $\geq$7.3 FK Comae
HD 129333 (EK Dra) 7.5 G0-1V S ... 2.598 17.5 0.92 solar type
HD 136901 (UV CrB) 7.2 K2III SB1 18.665 18.657 42 $\geq$15.5 RS CVn + ell.
BD-08$^\circ$3999 (UZ Lib) 9.3 K0III SB1 4.77 4.75 67 $\geq$6.3 RS CVn
HD 139006 ($\alpha $ CrB) 2.2 A0V+G5V SB 17.4 n.det. $\leq$14 ... eclipsing
HD 140436 ($\gamma $ CrB) 3.8 A0V VB 91yr 0.44534 100 $\geq$0.88 Maia type
HD 141714 ($\delta $ CrB) 4.6 G3.5III-IV S ... 57 5 $\geq$5.8 single giant
HD 152178 (V2253 Oph) 8.2 K0III SB1 314. 22.07 28.8 $\geq$12.6 RS CVn
HD 171488 (V889 Her) 7.3 G0V S ... 1.337 33 $\geq$0.87 solar type
HD 199178 (V1794 Cyg) 7.2 G5III-IV S ... 3.342 67 $\geq$4.4 FK Comae
HD 208472 (V2075 Cyg) 7.3 G8III SB1 22.6 22.42 19.7 $\geq$8.7 RS CVn
HD 209813 (HK Lac) 6.9 K0III SB1 24.428 24.15 20 $\geq$9.5 RS CVn
HR 9024 (OU And) 5.9 G1III S ... 24.2 20 $\geq$9.6 single giant
HD 216489 (IM Peg) 5.6 K2II-III SB1 24.65 24.45 28.2 $\geq$13.6 RS CVn
HD 216672 (HR Peg) 6.3 S S ... irr. ... ... semiregular
HD 218153 (KU Peg) 7.6 G8II-III SB1 1411. 25.9 29 $\geq$14.8 RS CVn
HD 224085 (II Peg) 7.4 K2-3IV SB1 6.724 6.725 23.1 $\geq$3.0 RS CVn

               


   
Table 2: Identification of comp and check stars and number, n, of differential observations

Variable
Comparison Check Time range $n_{\rm Wolfgang}$ $n_{\rm Amadeus}$ $n_{\rm Phoenix}$
      2 400 000+ by VRI UBV

HR 5B (V640 Cas)1
HD 663 HD 224784 50395 - 50635 52 ... ...
SAO 91772 (LN Peg) SAO 91775 HD 977 50409 - 50635 35 ... ...
HD 4502 ($\zeta $ And)1 HD 5516 HD 3690 50395 - 50635 105 ... ...
HD 12545 (XX Tri) HD 12478 SAO 55178 50395 - 50500 ... 116 53
HD 17433 (VY Ari) HD 17572 HD 17361 50386 - 50516 ... ... 55
HD 22468 (V711 Tau)1 HD 22484 HD 22796 50395 - 50490 132 109 ...
HD 26337 (EI Eri) HD 25852 HD 26584 50395 - 50529 ... 128 ...
HD 283518 (V410 Tau) HD 27159 HD 27570 50395 - 50525 ... 125 ...
HR 1362 (EK Eri)1 HD 27197 HD 26409 50395 - 50500 ... 122 ...
HD 283571 (RY Tau) HD 27159 HD 27570 50395 - 50529 ... 128 ...
HD 283572 (V987 Tau) HD 27570 HD 28447 50395 - 50532 179 115 ...
HD 283750 (V833 Tau) HD 283749 HD 29169 50395 - 50521 ... 127 ...
HD 282624 (SU Aur) HD 31565 HD 31305 50395 - 50534 ... 147 ...
HD 31964 ($\epsilon $ Aur) HD 33167 ... 50395 - 50426 100 ... ...
HD 31993 (V1192 Ori) HD 32191 HD 32073 50395 - 50536 ... 140 ...
HD 33798 (V390 Aur) HD 34248 HD 33443 50396 - 50540 ... 26 ...
HD 291095 (V1355 Ori) HD 41433 HD 40347 50492 - 50551 36 64 ...
HD 43989 (V1358 Ori) HD 44517 HD 44019 50492 - 50554 34 39 ...
HD 51066 (CM Cam) HD 48840 HD 45947 50486 - 50562 ... 103 ...
HD 62044 ($\sigma $ Gem)1 HD 60318 HD 58207 50395 - 50536 471 ... ...
HD 81410 (IL Hya) HD 81904 HD 80991 50395 - 50594 ... 235 ...
HD 82443 (DX Leo) HD 83098 HD 83821 50392 - 50604 ... ... 161
HD 82558 (LQ Hya) HD 82477 HD 82508 50395 - 50593 ... 202 145
HD 98230 ($\xi $ UMa)1 HD 98262 HD 94600 50408 - 50614 244 ... ...
HD 106225 (HU Vir) HD 106270 HD 106332 50410 - 50633 ... 191 56
HD 111395 (HR 4864)1 HD 111469 HD 111812 50429 - 50636 ... 257 ...
HD 111812 (31 Com) HD 111469 HD 111395 50401 - 50636 ... ... 169
HD 112313 (IN Com) HD 112299 HD 112706 50419 - 50636 168 226 ...
HD 112989 (37 Com)1 HD 111469 HD 111812 50415 - 50635 ... 274 ...
HD 117555 (FK Com) HD 117567 HD 117876 50421 - 50632 132 ... ...
HD 129333 (EK Dra) HD 129390 HD 129798 50437 - 50576 ... 183 143
HD 136901 (UV CrB) HD 136643 HD 136655 50492 - 50636 90 146 ...
BD-08$^\circ$3999 (UZ Lib) SAO 140587 SAO 140589 50451 - 50635 ... 139 ...
HD 139006 ($\alpha $ CrB)2 HD 1404363 HD 1417144 50458 - 50568 267 ... ...
HD 152178 (V2253 Oph) HD 152501 HD 151179 50468 - 50636 ... 120 ...
HD 171488 (V889 Her) HD 171286 HD 170829 50395 - 50636 93 179 ...
HD 199178 (V1794 Cyg) HD 199956 HD 199870 50395 - 50635 ... 67 ...
HD 208472 (V2075 Cyg) HD 208341 HD 208916 50395 - 50635 ... 96 ...
HD 209813 (HK Lac) HD 210731 HD 208728 50395 - 50635 ... 86 ...
HR 9024 (OU And)1 HD 223848 HD 222451 50395 - 50635 ... 89 ...
HD 216489 (IM Peg) HD 216635 HD 2166725 50395 - 50635 ... 73 ...
HD 218153 (KU Peg) HD 218610 SAO 91066 50395 - 50635 ... 75 ...
HD 224085 (II Peg) HD 223332 HD 224895 50395 - 50635 ... 26 ...

           
1With 1 $.\!\!^{\rm m}$25 neutral-density filter for Var, Comp, and Check.
2With 3 $.\!\!^{\rm m}$75 neutral-density filter for Var and Comp, and 2 $.\!\!^{\rm m}$5 for Check.
3This is the variable star $\gamma $ CrB (see discussion).
4This is the variable star $\delta $ CrB (see discussion).
5This is the variable star HR Peg = HR 8714 (see discussion).


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