It is worth noting that, as implicitly mentioned, direct temperatures are not totally independent from models, since their determination demands limb-darkening corrections and the estimation of a part of the UV flux contributing to the bolometric flux.

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Hereafter in this section, K and (V-K) are in the TCS system. Transformations from TCS to other systems are well described in Paper IV, in particular for the Johnson system:
$K_{\rm TCS}=K_{J}-0.042+0.019(J-K)_{J}$ , and
$(V-K)_{\rm TCS}=0.050+0.993(V-K)_{J}$ .

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