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4. Individual sources

Our observations were primarily a finding survey for strong southern millimeter sources, however we now briefly discuss the nature of our detected sources and examine those of special astrophysical interest.

The majority of the detected sources are flat-spectrum core-dominated blazars (either quasars or BL Lac objects) at high redshift (roughly between tex2html_wrap_inline1580 and 2.5). These objects are prime targets for future multi-epoch, multi-frequency monitoring to further constrain the properties of the highly beamed jet emission (Tornikoski et al. 1993). Many of the detected sources are strong at X-ray and gamma-ray wavelengths, and several mechanisms have been proposed for production of this high-energy emission via the inverse-Compton process (Ghisellini & Madau 1996). These various models predict different relationships between variability in the millimeter and X-ray/gamma-ray, and joint monitoring observations in the different wavebands may distinguish between these mechanisms (e.g. Grandi et al. 1996).

Although inverse-Compton models are generally successful in explaining the spectral energy distributions of blazars, there are sources in which the tex2html_wrap_inline1582 spectra peak strongly in the X-ray region; two of these "MeV blazars" are detected in our survey. One is tex2html_wrap_inline1584 (Blom et al. 1995), and the other is tex2html_wrap_inline1586 or tex2html_wrap_inline1588 (Bloeman et al. 1995) (both mm-detected sources are within the COMPTEL error box, although the former is thought more likely as the source of gamma rays). These MeV-peaking sources can be explained by exotic proton-initiated cascade or electron/positron annihilation mechanisms (e.g. Roland & Hermsen 1995). These authors stress the importance of obtaining VLBI proper motion velocities for these sources which in combination with data on the MeV peak may strongly constrain the jet physical parameters.

A number of the detected blazars have unusual properties which suggest that it would be worth searching for spectral absorption along the line of sight (e.g., Wiklind & Combes 1996a). The source tex2html_wrap_inline1590 at z=2.85 is one of the highest luminosity sources in the centimeter band (having a flux density of over 7Jy at 8GHz), and shows evidence for strong X-ray absorption (Elvis et al. 1992; Serlemitos et al. 1994), implying a significant foreground column density. Fugmann (1988) noted the extremely high apparent luminosity of this object and the fact that it has many more nearby companion galaxies than would be expected by chance, and argued that gravitational lens amplification might be occurring. It is notable that a number of detected mm-absorption systems have been found toward gravitational lenses (Wiklind & Combes 1995, 1997). Three blazar objects (tex2html_wrap_inline1594, tex2html_wrap_inline1596, and possibly tex2html_wrap_inline1598) show evidence for optical/uv absorption lines along the line of sight (Junkkarinen et al. 1991), and these might also be searched for molecular absorption, although searches of such systems have proved unsuccessful to date (Wilkind & Combes 1996a).

Three of our detected sources are classified as galaxies, with their optical continuum luminosity being dominated by starlight. The z=0.15 source tex2html_wrap_inline1602 contains a strong compact radio source and has an optical spectrum showing high ionization emission lines and stellar absorption lines characteristic of an evolved stellar population (Tadhunter et al. 1993). The source tex2html_wrap_inline1604 is identified with the nearby (approximately 80Mpc) galaxy NGC 6328, described as high-luminosity elliptical with weak spiral structure (Veron-Cetty et al. 1995); this galaxy is known to be very gas rich, containing over 1010 solar masses of HI. Australia Telescope images of this gas have been made by Veron-Cetty et al., who speculate that this galaxy is a recent merger product. Given our detection of a strong millimeter continuum source it will be interesting to probe the gas chemistry by looking for millimeter absorption and emission lines. The central continuum source is interesting in its own right, as both the VLBI morphology and the radio spectrum (which peaks in the gigahertz region) are characteristic of so-called Compact Symmetric Objects (Wilkinson et al. 1994), which are thought to be very young radio sources. The detected 3mm flux density lies on a smooth extrapolation of the centimeter spectrum and implies a spectral index of -0.7 between 8GHz and 90GHz. One detection in our sample (tex2html_wrap_inline1610) is a known gigahertz-peaked spectrum source (Cersosimo et al. 1994).

The final non-blazar that we have detected is the lobe-dominated FRII source tex2html_wrap_inline1612 at z=0.028. This is one of the brightest objects in the southern sky at centimeter wavelengths, and consists of a compact core straddled by much brighter radio lobes (Fosbury et al. 1990; Norris et al. 1990). The pointing position used was that of the compact core as given by astrometric VLBI observations (Johnston et al. 1995), and at 2mm in particular most of the extended emission should lie outside of the SEST primary beam. The core has a total flux of 0.82Jy at 8.4GHz (Tingay et al. 1996) and hence our 2 and 3mm flux densities are consistent with a detection of this flat spectrum core. Optical observations of tex2html_wrap_inline1612 show blue optical emission from a patch of gas oriented almost along the initial radio axis (Tadhunter et al. 1987). It has been argued, based on the high optical polarization of this emission (di Serego Alighieri et al. 1988), that this is evidence for reflected non-isotropic optical emission along the radio axis, and that this object is misdirected quasar (although Tingay et al. investigate the alternative explanation of jet/cloud interactions). Optical spectroscopy of the nucleus (Tadhunter et al. 1993) shows only evidence for a stellar continuum with no nonthermal continuum emission, consistent with blocking of the putative quasar nucleus by a dense torus as proposed by the quasar/radio-galaxy unified scheme. There is, however, some weak broad line emission which may indicate that the source orientation and torus geometry is such that part of the broad-line region can be seen. Given our detection of the nucleus at millimeter wavelengths it will be interesting to perform cm and mm spectroscopy to search for absorption from molecular gas in a circumnuclear torus.


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