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3. Data reduction

Pre-processing

Standard procedures have been used, with the ESO-Midas reduction package, to flatfield the spectra (using exposures taken on the illuminated dome) and to transform the abscissae into wavelength (with calibration He- and Ne-lamp spectra); the calibration spectra taken before and after each long exposure on a galaxy were checked for possible wavelength shift by a cross-correlation routine, and the result was considered acceptable for a shift smaller than a third of a pixel.

For the determination of the galaxy center, we have calculated the photometric profile by averaging the pixel luminosities in the direction of the dispersion, and we have adopted the position provided by a gaussian fitting on a range of tex2html_wrap_inline1330 10 pixels (tex2html_wrap_inline1332) around the brightest point. This is close to the photometric center but, obviously, this choice involves a part of arbitrariness, since there is evidence for a slight asymmetry in some objects.

3.2. Measurement of kinematical parameters

We have used a Fourier-Fitting technique similar to that of Franx et al. (1989) for the simultaneous determination of the velocity dispersion tex2html_wrap_inline1334, and the rotational velocity V(r) at distance r from the center; also determined was a parameter tex2html_wrap_inline1340 related to the absorption-line contrast with respect to an approximation of the continuum, represented by a third-order polynomial fitting to the spectrum.

For the outer, faint spectra of a galaxy, removing the cosmic-ray hits was done by a median filtering perpendicularly to the dispersion. For the inner spectra, for which this procedure would have degraded the spatial resolution, we relied instead on a three-sigma klipping on the residuals between the galaxy spectrum and the (shifted and convolved) star spectrum: the V and tex2html_wrap_inline1344 parameters were actually determined by two successive steps, the first using the raw galaxy spectrum, and the second the spectrum with cosmic rays removed as explained.

In order to enhance the S/N ratio of outer spectra, adjacent lines were averaged: for a spectrum at radius r, a weight was assigned to the neighboring lines (tex2html_wrap_inline1348) entering the average; for this weight, a gaussian fall-off as a function of tex2html_wrap_inline1350 was chosen, with a FWHM width between 0 and 3 pixels (0 and 3.5''); the central spectrum was never averaged. The two successive spectra obtained at the same position angle were either co-added before running the Fourier-Fitting code, or processed independently; in the latter case, the tex2html_wrap_inline1354 and V profiles were combined. The two approaches have yielded very similar results.

For most galaxies, profiles of tex2html_wrap_inline1358 and the rotational velocity V(r) were determined, and presented in Fig. 1; for the latter, we adopted as the systemic velocity the radial velocity measured at r=0. The determination of the maximun rotation tex2html_wrap_inline1364 was done as follows: on each semi-major axis, in a region of reliable measurements, a radius tex2html_wrap_inline1366 was determined, where the corresponding tex2html_wrap_inline1368 was thought to represent the maximum rotation, and we adopted as tex2html_wrap_inline1370 the mean of these two values. We note that this definition bypasses the possible asymmetry of the rotation curve with respect to the adopted center, and it is likely to provide a fair approximation to the rotational kinetic energy.

  figure310  figure318  figure325  figure332
Figure 1: Profiles of rotational velocities and velocity dispersions

Table 3 (click here) shows the values of the central velocity dispersion tex2html_wrap_inline1372 and, except for three objects for which the spectra were faint, the value of tex2html_wrap_inline1374, together with the mean of the two determinations of tex2html_wrap_inline1376. For the two galaxies with major- and minor-axis observations, Table 3 (click here) gives as tex2html_wrap_inline1378 the average of the two determinations. Table 4, which is available in electronic form only, gathers the V and tex2html_wrap_inline1382 profiles.


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